Inflammation reducing Drugs and their Targets

#1

Thought this deserves a thread all of its own.

I asked ChatGPT:

what are the top 40 inflammation reducing drugs and their cytokine target?

ChatGPT responded:

Here’s a comprehensive list of 40 inflammation-reducing drugs along with their primary cytokine targets where applicable. These drugs target various cytokines involved in inflammatory processes:

  1. Adalimumab (Humira) - TNF-alpha inhibitor
  2. Infliximab (Remicade) - TNF-alpha inhibitor
  3. Etanercept (Enbrel) - TNF-alpha inhibitor
  4. Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia) - TNF-alpha inhibitor
  5. Golimumab (Simponi) - TNF-alpha inhibitor
  6. Anakinra (Kineret) - IL-1 receptor antagonist
  7. Canakinumab (Ilaris) - IL-1β inhibitor
  8. Rilonacept (Arcalyst) - IL-1 inhibitor (IL-1α and IL-1β)
  9. Tocilizumab (Actemra) - IL-6 receptor inhibitor
  10. Sarilumab (Kevzara) - IL-6 receptor inhibitor
  11. Sirukumab (no longer marketed) - IL-6 inhibitor
  12. Secukinumab (Cosentyx) - IL-17A inhibitor
  13. Ixekizumab (Taltz) - IL-17A inhibitor
  14. Brodalumab (Siliq) - IL-17 receptor inhibitor
  15. Ustekinumab (Stelara) - IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor
  16. Risankizumab (Skyrizi) - IL-23 inhibitor
  17. Guselkumab (Tremfya) - IL-23 inhibitor
  18. Abatacept (Orencia) - T cell co-stimulation blocker (inhibits IL-2)
  19. Methotrexate - Folate antagonist (exact cytokine target varies)
  20. Leflunomide (Arava) - Pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor (exact cytokine target varies)
  21. Sulfasalazine - NF-kB inhibitor (exact cytokine target varies)
  22. Hydroxychloroquine - Antimalarial (exact cytokine target varies)
  23. Colchicine - Inhibits microtubule polymerization (exact cytokine target varies)
  24. Prednisone - Glucocorticoid (broad anti-inflammatory effects)
  25. Dexamethasone - Glucocorticoid (broad anti-inflammatory effects)
  26. Budesonide - Glucocorticoid (broad anti-inflammatory effects)
  27. Tacrolimus (Prograf) - Calcineurin inhibitor (inhibits IL-2)
  28. Cyclosporine (Neoral) - Calcineurin inhibitor (inhibits IL-2)
  29. Azathioprine (Imuran) - Purine synthesis inhibitor (exact cytokine target varies)
  30. Mycofenolate mofetil (CellCept) - Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor (exact cytokine target varies)
  31. Apremilast (Otezla) - Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor (regulates multiple cytokines)
  32. Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors:
  • Tofacitinib (Xeljanz) - JAK1 and JAK3 inhibitor
  • Baricitinib (Olumiant) - JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor
  • Upadacitinib (Rinvoq) - JAK1 inhibitor
  1. Dupilumab (Dupixent) - IL-4 and IL-13 inhibitor
  2. Benralizumab (Fasenra) - IL-5 receptor antagonist
  3. Mepolizumab (Nucala) - IL-5 inhibitor
  4. Reslizumab (Cinqair) - IL-5 inhibitor
  5. Omalizumab (Xolair) - IgE antibody (modulates allergic response)
  6. Belimumab (Benlysta) - BLyS-specific inhibitor (modulates B cell activation)
  7. Etokimab (not widely approved) - IL-33 inhibitor
  8. Rituximab (Rituxan) - CD20 antibody (targets B cells, which can produce inflammatory cytokines)

These drugs are utilized in various autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, and allergic disorders. They work by modulating specific cytokines, receptors, or cellular pathways involved in the inflammatory response, thereby reducing inflammation and associated symptoms.

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Study - Inhibition of IL-11 Signaling Extends Mamillian Lifespan and Healthspan
#2

What drugs inhibit Interleukin 11 in humans?

ChatGPT response:

As of my last update in January 2022, there are no specific drugs approved for the direct inhibition of interleukin-11 (IL-11) in humans. IL-11 is a cytokine that plays a role in various biological processes, including inflammation and hematopoiesis. While several drugs indirectly affect IL-11 levels by modulating broader inflammatory pathways or cytokine networks, there are no medications specifically designed to target IL-11 alone.

Research into IL-11’s role in diseases such as cancer and inflammatory disorders is ongoing, and future drug development efforts may lead to therapies that directly target IL-11 or its receptors. For now, treatments for conditions where IL-11 may be implicated typically involve broader immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory approaches rather than specific IL-11 inhibitors.

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#3

Related to this topic of inflammation drugs, I’ve been rather positive on colchicine lately, since this research came out: Gout Medication Colchicine Reduce Myocardial Infarction? 2019 N Engl Journal

But, I recently entered colchicine into my “MyRxProfile” app: Tracking Medication Risks and Interactions - Myrxprofile App

It highlighted two “Major” warnings, as outlined below. So, no plans for colchicine now. I don’t typically use grapefruit juice or grapefruit, so its less of an issue, but given that high doses of colchicine can be fatal, its a warning I take extremely seriously.

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#4

Thank you for that. I use GFJ extensively and I don’t want anything that can be fatal. I’ll pass on this one. There’s too many other better options out there!

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#5

Based on my results, I am on a mini-crusade to get people to at least try
Boswellia Serrata for its anti-inflammatory properties.
Other than subjective results you could measure your CRP before and after taking the supplement for sometime.

Dr. Oracle: Boswellia Serrata as an Anti-inflammatory

“In conclusion, Boswellia serrata and its standardized extracts show significant potential as anti-inflammatory agents, particularly in the management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis”

Mechanism of Action
Boswellia serrata, commonly known as Indian frankincense, has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory properties. Its primary mechanism of action involves:

Inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes, particularly 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) ([1])
Suppression of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β ([1])
Modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway ([2])
Efficacy in Inflammatory Conditions
Osteoarthritis
Boswellia serrata extract has shown promising results in managing osteoarthritis:

Reduction in pain and stiffness ([3])
Improvement in physical function ([3])
Decrease in inflammatory markers such as high-sensitive C-reactive protein ([4])
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Studies have demonstrated the potential of Boswellia serrata in rheumatoid arthritis:

Attenuation of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress ([1])
Modulation of the immune system ([1])
Standardized Extracts
Several standardized extracts of Boswellia serrata have been developed and studied:

Aflapin (AprèsFlex)
Standardized to 20% 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid ([4])
Shown to be fast-acting and effective in managing osteoarthritis symptoms ([4])
5-Loxin®
Contains not less than 30% 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid ([2])
Demonstrated efficacy in reducing joint pain and cartilage degeneration in animal models ([5])
Dosage and Administration
Typical dosages range from 100-200 mg daily ([4])
Treatment duration of at least 30 days is recommended for significant improvements ([4])
Safety Profile
Boswellia serrata extracts have generally been found to be safe and well-tolerated:

No significant adverse effects reported in clinical trials ([4])
Long-term studies (up to 120 days) have confirmed safety ([6])
Caveats and Considerations
While promising, more large-scale, long-term clinical trials are needed to establish definitive efficacy ([7])
Individual responses may vary, and it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before initiating treatment
Potential interactions with other medications should be considered
In conclusion, Boswellia serrata and its standardized extracts show significant potential as anti-inflammatory agents, particularly in the management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Their multi-faceted mechanism of action, coupled with a favorable safety profile, makes them an attractive option for healthcare providers considering alternative or complementary treatments for inflammatory conditions.

:speech_balloon: Ask a follow-up question here. Topic will be limited to the above discussion.

References

Boswellia serrata extract attenuates inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress in collagen induced arthritis. (Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2014)
Extract Containing 30% 3-Acetyl-11-Keto-Boswellic Acid Attenuates Inflammatory Mediators and Preserves Extracellular Matrix in Collagen-Induced Arthritis. (Frontiers in physiology, 2021)
Efficacy evaluation of standardized Boswellia serrata extract (Aflapin) in osteoarthritis: A systematic review and sub-group meta-analysis study. (Explore (New York, N.Y.), 2024)
Efficacy and Safety of Aflapin®, a Novel Extract, in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Short-Term 30-Day Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study. (Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 2023)
Extract, 5-Loxin®, Prevents Joint Pain and Cartilage Degeneration in a Rat Model of Osteoarthritis through Inhibition of Inflammatory Responses and Restoration of Matrix Homeostasis. (Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2022)
A pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel Boswellia serrata extract in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee. (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2019)
Effectiveness of Boswellia and Boswellia extract for osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 2020)

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